The nominal strains were used in conjunction with axial misalignment measurements to calculate the stress range in the region of fatigue crack initiation. (W 16) (1)

Stress range = Faixa de tensão

A relationship between cyclic strain range and the number of cycles to initiation is derived using, for example, the Coffin-Manson law. (W 112) (2)

Strain range = Faixa de deformação

Since the purpose of the paper is to illustrate and compare differences between approaches to fatigue design assessment, allowable cycles are determined as a function of the pressure range. (W 23) (3)

Pressure range = Faixa de pressão

(1) Estimating long-endurance fatigue strength of girth-welded pipes using local stress approach

Yanhui Zhang and Steve J Maddox 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK

Paper presented at Proceedings 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2014) June 8-13, 2014, San Francisco, USA.

(2) BS 7910: History and future developments

Isabel Hadley

Paper presented at 2009 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Sustainable Energy for the Third Millennium, Prague, Czech Republic, 26-30 July 2009.

(3) Comparison of Approaches to Design Fatigue Assessment With Reference to a Pressure Vessel Designed to an Old Standard

J B Wintle, E Soileux, E Hutchison 

TWI Ltd, 

Cambridge, UK 

Proc of European Symposium on Pressure Equipment (ESOPE) 2013, 8-10 October, Paris, France.

With regard to testing in air, the hydrogen loss was clearly associated with strain rate, hence with duration of test. (W 19) (1)

Strain rate = Taxa de deformação

One SLC testing strategy that was not explored in the present programme was that attempted by Takatori, who investigated the influence of displacement rate during fracture toughness testing on KIC. (W 283) (2)

Displacement rate = Taxa de deslocamento

The determination of suitable endurance or fatigue crack- growth rate data is of course dependent on ensuring that tests are carried out under appropriate environmental conditions. (W 195) (3)

Crack-growth rate = Taxa de aumento de rupturas

(1) Techniques for determining the effect of a sour environment on fracture toughness of steel

Muhammad Ali and Richard Pargeter 

TWI LTd, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK

Paper Presented at Steely Hydrogen. 2nd International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen. 5-7 May 2014., Gent, Belgium.

(2) Sustained load cracking of titanium alloy weldments

by: Tasos Kostrivas, Lee Smith, Mike Gittos 

Authors are with TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB1 6AL, UK.

Proceedings of OMAE 2005: 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2005), June 12-16, 2005, Halkidiki, Greece.

(3) Corrosion fatigue behaviour of welded risers and pipelines

D P Baxter, S J Maddox and R J Pargeter 

26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2007, San Diego, California, 10-15 June 2007. Paper no. 29360.

Residual stresses arise from the accumulation of misfit between the weld region and the remaining plate. There are a number of means by which the misfit, and hence the residual stresses, can be manipulated…. (W 133) (1)

Weld region = Região de solda

The Schaeffler diagram can be used to predict microstructure formation, in the transition region between the two dissimilar metals, under cooling conditions associated with arc welding. (W 18) (2)

Transition region = Região de transição

The micro-structural characteristics will first be discussed for the nugget region, in which deformation dominates. Evolution of microstructure in the heat affected zone is thermally controlled, and this will be discussed separately for non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable alloys. (W 133) (3)

Nugget region = Região da junta

(1) Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

P L Threadgill1, A J Leonard2, H R Shercliff3 and P J Withers*4

1TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington CB21 6AL, UK

2BP International, Compass Point, 79-87 Kingston Rd, Staines, Middx TW18 1DY, UK

3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

4School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M1 7HS, UK

*Corresponding author, email philip.withers@man.ac.uk 

†Other terms have been used in the literature, namely ‘shear side’ and ‘flow side’, but these are ambiguous and have been discouraged.[4]

Paper presented at International Materials Reviews, vol.54. no.2. March 2009. pp. 49-93.

(2) Fusion Zone Microstructure Associated With Embrittlement Of Subsea Dissimilar Joints.

M. F. Dodge, H. B. Dong 

Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.

M. F. Gittos, T. Mobberley 

TWI Ltd. Great Abington, Cambridge, UK

Presented at Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2014 June 8-13, 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA.

(3) Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

P L Threadgill1, A J Leonard2, H R Shercliff3 and P J Withers*4

1TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington CB21 6AL, UK

2BP International, Compass Point, 79-87 Kingston Rd, Staines, Middx TW18 1DY, UK

3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

4School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M1 7HS, UK. Paper presented at International Materials Reviews, vol.54. no.2. March 2009. pp. 49-93.

In this part of the work, a fracture mechanics approach to the assessment of steel toughness requirements is demonstrated. (W 239) (1)

Toughness requirements = Requisitos de resistência

There are no standardised crack front straightness requirements for SENT specimens, so equivalent requirements for SENB specimens are applied, but not often met. (W 52) (2)

Straightness requirements = Requisitos de retidão

Annex F, the ASME code provides more specific and stringent requirements for the performance and qualification of temper bead welding. (W 45) (3)

Stringent (tight) requirements = Requisitos de rigorosidade (firmeza)

(1) Assessing toughness levels for steels to determine the need for PWHT – Part 2

D J Abson (a) , Y Tkach (a) , I Hadley (a) and F M Burdekin (b)

(a) TWI

(b) Formerly Professor at University of Manchester Institute of Technology

Published in Welding Journal, vol.85, no.5, May 2006, pp.29-35.

(2) Crack front straightness qualification in SENT specimens

Andrew R. Malpas, Philippa L. Moore, and Henryk G. Pisarski 

TWI Ltd

Cambridge, UK

Paper presented at ISOPE-2012. The 22nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Rodos Palace Hotel, Rhodes (Rodos), Greece, June 17-22, 2012.

(3) Comparison between ASME and RCC-M requirements for welding and NDT

Marcello Consonni and Peter Mudge 

TWI Ltd.

Cambridge, UK

Paper presented at 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. 30 Jul – 3 Aug 2012, Anaheim, CA, USA. Paper No. ICONE20POWER2012-54190.

The investigation tried to understand the effect of welding process and major welding parameters on dilution and its effect on corrosion resistance for a selected environment, by manufacturing and testing Alloy 625 weld overlays with different degrees of dilution on a carbon steel substrate material. (W 81) (1)

Corrosion resistance = Resistência à corrosão

The use of super-duplex filler-wire gave a weld with a little higher pitting resistance than ones made with matching composition 12Cr6Ni2Mo wire. (W 191) (2)

Pitting resistance = Resistência ao pite

The work presents experimental studies on the effect of crack depth and asymmetric geometries on ductile tearing resistance. (W 187) (3)

Tearing resistance = Resistência à ruptura

(1) CRA Weld Overlay – Influence of welding process and parameters on dilution and corrosion resistance

Paper presented at Stainless Steel World America 2010, Houston, Texas, USA, 5-7 October 2010.

V Kumar, C Lee, G Verhaeghe, S Raghunathan, 

TWI Limited, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL, United Kingdom.

(2) Welding supermartensitic stainless steels for corrosive service

Paul Woollin

Paper presented at Stainless Steel World Conference, 6-8 November 2007, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Presenter:

Paul Woollin 

Academic Education and Degrees:

1990 PhD on fatigue in nickel superalloys, Cambridge University

1984 BA in Metallurgy and Materials Science, Cambridge University

Present professional position:

Manager of Metallurgy, Corrosion & Surfacing Group, TWI.

(3) Development of girth weld flaw assessment procedures for pipelines subjected to plastic straining

Henryk G Pisarski and Mohamad J Cheaitani

Paper presented at ISOPE 2007, Seventeenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Lisbon, 1-7 July 2007.

Wet arc welding requires considerable skill and, depending on materials and consumables, carries a high risk of fabrication hydrogen cracking. Friction welding, which has the advantage of being relatively insensitive to depth and which lends itself to robotic operation, has the potential for use in deep water repair, but has yet to reach commercial reality. (W 240) (1)

High risk = Alto risco

In considering the cracking risk of a particular element its effect should be viewed in respect of the increase of likely alloying levels, and since much steel development is against a specific strength level, comparison should be made on alternative alloying to produce the same strength level. (W 486) (2)

Cracking risk = Risco de rachadura

General recommendations for welding steels containing hydrogen

When welding either C-Mn or Cr-Mo steels containing or suspected of containing hydrogen, it should be assumed that this will result in an increased risk of fabrication hydrogen cracking during repair or alterations. (W 101) (3)

Increased risk = Risco aumentado

(1) Wet welding repairs

Dr Dave McKeown* and Dr David Abson* look at the practicality of repairing damage to hulls without the need to drydock

* Dave McKeown is Manager of Corporate Projects and David Abson is Principal Research Metallurgist at TWI, the research and technology organisation specialising in all joining, surfacing, cutting and allied technologies.

Paper published in Shipping World and Shipbuilder, vol.207. no. 4223, May 2006. pp.24 -26,28.

(2) The weldability of vanadium-microalloyed steels

P H M Hart

Presented at International symposium 2000 on Vanadium Application Technology, Gui Lin, China, 6-8 November 2000

Sponsors: Bureau of Metallurgical Industry of China, Vanadium International Technical Committee 

Co-Sponsors: Panzhihua Iron & Steel (Group) Company; Chengle Iron and Steel Group Corporation Ltd.

(3) Welding Of Hydrogen Charged Steel For Modification Or Repair

The effect of hydrogen in base metal is confirmed, and advice provided on the welding of C-Mn and Cr-Mo steel which contains hydrogen

By R J Pargeter and M D Wright

The authors were awarded the A F Davis Silver Medal for this paper by the AWS in 2011.

Paper published in Welding Journal Vol.89 No.2, February 2010 pp 34s – 42s.

A recent TWI project involving fatigue tests of girth welded pipes included comprehensive post-test examination of the welds with particular attention to the geometry in the weld root region where fatigue cracking initiated. (W 16) (1)

Weld root = Raiz da solda

..Procedures were developed that produced welds with a smooth, mitre-shaped fillet, with a laser root extending from the fillet…(W 189) (2)

Laser root = Raiz do laser

A bespoke inspection programme developed by TWI has enabled replication of an inspection conducted by a wind turbine manufacturer and subsequent detection of flaws within the aluminium ring of the blade root. (Welding 514) (3)

Blade root = Raiz da lâmina

(1) Estimating long-endurance fatigue strength of girth-welded pipes using local stress approach

Yanhui Zhang and Steve J Maddox 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK

Paper presented at Proceedings 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2014) June 8-13, 2014, San Francisco, USA.

(2) Laser and hybrid laser-MAG welding of steel structures for shipbuilding

Steve Shi and David Howse

Laser & Sheet Processes Group, TWI Ltd

Paper presented at 2007 International Forum on Welding Technologies in Shipping Industry held in Shanghai on 16-18 June 2007.

(3) Phased array ultrasonics inspection of wind turbine aluminium blade roots

Case Study

www.twi-global.com/…/phased-array-ultrasonics-inspection-of-wind-turbine-aluminium-blade-roots-518/ – 2014-05-06.

Early investigations into dual rotation stir welding have revealed that the technique certainly works for butt welding 16 mm thick 5083-H111 condition aluminium alloy. However further work is needed to characterise the performance fully and verify acceptability of the dual stir technique. (Welding 427) (1)

Dual rotation = Rotação dupla

The FSW process is asymmetrical, because of the tool rotation, and the heating effects on the advancing and retreating sides of the joint will necessarily be different. It is interesting that the next phase of the MagJoinprogramme is to try to weld aluminium and magnesium alloys together, and the first trials have shown the same effect – that placing the aluminium on one side of the joint can result in a different weld quality from placing it on the other side. (W 378) (2)

Tool rotation = Rotação da ferramenta

A theoretical model of the acceleration of a point on the circumference of a ring as a function of the defect profile was developed as part of the project. For all defect profiles it is shown that the acceleration is proportional to the square of the ring rotation frequency. So the potential signal to noise ratio in the measurement of the ring acceleration increases with frequency squared. Correspondingly the potential sensitivity in the detection of defects through acceleration measurement increases with frequency squared. (Welding 542) (3)

Ring rotation = Rotação do anel

(1) Dual-rotation friction stir welding

Case Study

www.twi-global.com/news-events/case-studies/dual-rotation-friction-stir-welding-396/ – 2017-01-16.

(2) Friction stir welding of magnesium alloys

Richard Johnson and Philip Threadgill 

Paper presented at TMS Symposium on Magnesium Technology, San Diego, CA, USA, 2-6 March 2003.

(3) Online monitoring of a power slip ring in a wind turbine

Case Study

www.twi-global.com/…/case-studies/online-monitoring-of-a-power-slip-ring-in-a-wind-turbine-491/- 2014-05-06.